| 000 | 33370cam a2207525 i 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | 160448 | ||
| 008 | 150410s20152015at a 001 0 eng | ||
| 020 |
_a1285165950 _q(paperback) |
||
| 020 |
_a9781285165950 _q(paperback) |
||
| 040 |
_aDLC _beng _cDLC _erda _dDLC |
||
| 041 | 0 | _aeng | |
| 049 | _aTR-IsMEF | ||
| 050 | 0 | 0 |
_aHB171.5 _b.M263 2015 |
| 100 | 1 |
_aMankiw, N. Gregory, _eauthor. |
|
| 245 | 1 | 0 |
_aEssentials of Economics / _cN. Gregory Mankiw. |
| 250 | _aSeventh Edition. | ||
| 264 | 1 |
_aAustralia ; _aStamford, CT : _bCENGAGE Learning, _c[2015]. |
|
| 300 |
_axxiv, 566 pages : _billustrations ; _c27 cm |
||
| 336 |
_atext _btxt _2rdacontent |
||
| 337 |
_aunmediated _bn _2rdamedia |
||
| 338 |
_avolume _bnc _2rdacarrier |
||
| 500 | _aIncludes index. | ||
| 650 | 0 | _aEconomics. | |
| 900 | _aMEF Üniversitesi Kütüphane katalog kayıtları RDA standartlarına uygun olarak üretilmektedir / MEF University Library Catalogue Records are Produced Compatible by RDA Rules | ||
| 910 | _aPandora | ||
| 942 |
_2lcc _cBKS _04 |
||
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aPreface to the student, _pvii. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aAcknowledgments, _pix. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tIntroduction, _p1. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTen principles of economics, _p3. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow people make decisions, _p4. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrincple 1: people face trade-offs, _p4. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 2: the cost of something is what you give up to get it, _p5. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 3: rational people think at the margin, _p6. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 4: people respond to incentives, _p7. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe incentive effects of gasoline prices, _p8. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow people interact, _p9. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 5: trade can make everyone better off, _p9. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 6: markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity, _p10. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 7: governments can sometimes improve market outcomes, _p11. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAdam smith and the invisible hand, _p11. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow the economy as a whole works, _p13. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 8: a country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services, _p13. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 9: prices rise when the government prints too much money, _p13. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy you should study economics, _p14. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrinciple 10: society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment, _p15. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a1-4 conclusion, _p16. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p16. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p17. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p17. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p17. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p18. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThinking line an economist, _p19. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe economist as scientist, _p20. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe scientific method: observation, theory and more observation, _p20. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe role of assumptions, _p21. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEconomic models, _p22. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOur first model: the circular-flow diagram, _p22. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOur second model: the production possibilities frontier, _p24. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tIf microeconomics and macroeconomics, _p27. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe economist as policy adviser, _p27. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPositive versus normative analysis, _p28. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEconomists in Washington, _p28. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy economists disagree, _p30. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDifferences in scientific judgements, _p30. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDifferences in values, _p31. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPerception versus reality, _p31. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tActual economists and virtual realities, _p33. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a2-4 let's get going, _p34. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p34. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p34. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p35. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p35. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p35. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aAppendix graphing: a brief review, _p37. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tGraphs of a single variable, _p37. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tGraphs of two variables: the coordinate system, _p38. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCurves in the coordinate system, _p39. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSlope, _p41. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCause and effect, _p43. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tInterpendence and the gains from trade, _p47. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA parable for the modern economy, _p48. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProduction possibilities, _p48. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSpecialization and trade, _p50. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tComparative advantage: the driving force of specialization, _p52. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tComparative advantage and trade, _p53. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe price of the trade, _p54. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe legacy of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, _p55. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tApplication of comparative advantage, _p55. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShould Tom Brady mow his own lawn?, _p55. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEconomics within a marriage, _p56. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShould the United States trade with other countries?, _p57. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a3-4 conclusion, _p58. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p59. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p59. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p59. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p59. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p60. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tHow markets work, _p63. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThe market forces of supply and demand, _p65. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMarkets and competition, _p66. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat is a market?, _p66. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat is competition?, _p66. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDemand, _p67. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe demand curve: the relationship between price and quantity demanded, _p67. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMarket demand versus individual demand, _p68. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShifts in the demand curve, _p69. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTwo ways to reduce the quantity of smoking demanded, _p71. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSupply, _p73. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe supply curve-the relationship between price and quantity supplied, _p73. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMarket supply versus individual supply, _p74. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShifts in the supply curve, _p75. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSupply and demand together, _p77. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEquilibrium, _p77. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThree steps to analyzing changes in equilibrium, _p79. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tConclusion: how prices alicote resources, _p83. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrice increase after disasters, _p84. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p84. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p86. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p86. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p86. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p87. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tElasticity and its application, _p89. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe elasticity of demand, _p90. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe price elasticity of demand and its determinants, _p90. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tComputing the price elasticity of demand, _p91. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe midpoint method: a better way to calculate percentage changes and elasticities, _p91. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe variety of demand curves, _p92. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTotal revenue and the price elasticity of demand, _p94. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA few elasticities from the real world, _p94. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tElasticity and total revenue along a linear demand curve, _p96. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOther demand elasticities, _p97. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe elasticity of supply, _p98. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe price elasticity of supply and its determinants, _p98. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tComputing the price elasticity of supply, _p99. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe variety of supply curves, _p99. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThree applications of supply, demand and elasticity, _p101. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCan good news for farming be bad new for farmers?, _p102. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy did OPEC Fail to keep the price of oil high?, _p104. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDoes drug interdiction or decrease drug-related crime?, _p105. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a5-4 conclusion, _p107. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p107. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p108. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p108. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p108. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p109. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tSupply, demand and government policies, _p111. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tControls on prices, _p112. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow price cellings affect market outcomes, _p112. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tLines at the gas pump, _p114. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tRent control in the short run and the long run, _p115. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow price floors affect market outcomes, _p116. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe minimum wage, _p117. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEvaluting price controls, _p119. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tVenezuela versus the market, _p120. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTaxes, _p121. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow taxes on sellers affect market outcomes, _p122. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow taxes on buyers affect market outcomes, _p123. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCan congress distribute the burden of a payroll tax?, _p125. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tElasticity and tax incidence, _p126. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWho pays the luxury tax?, _p128. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a6-3 conclusion, _p128. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p129. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p129. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p129. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p129. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p130. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tMarkets and welfare, _p133. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tConsumers, producers and the efficiency of markets, _p135. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tConsumer surplus, _p136. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWillingness to pay, _p136. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tUsing the demand curve to measure consumer surplus, _p137. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow a lower price raises consumer surplus, _p138. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat does consumer surplus measure?, _p139. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProducer surplus, _p141. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCost and the wilingness to sell, _p141. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tUsing the supply curve to measure producer surplus, _p142. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow a higher price raises producer surplus, _p143. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tMarket efficiency, _p144. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe benevolent social planner, _p145. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEvaluating the market equilibrum, _p146. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe invisible hand cand park your car, _p148. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShould there be a market in organs?, _p148. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a7-4 conclusion: market efficiency and market failure, _p150. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p151. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p151. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p151. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p152. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tApplication: the costs of taxation, _p155. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe deadwight loss of taxation, _p156. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow a tax affects market participants, _p157. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDeadweight losses and the gains from trade, _p159. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe determinants of the deadweight loss, _p160. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe deadweight loss debate, _p162. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDeadweight loss and tax revenue as taxes vary, _p163. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe laffer curve and supply-side economics, _p164. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe tax debate, _p166. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a8-4 conclusion, _p168. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p168. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concept, _p168. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p168. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p169. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p169. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tApplication: international trade, _p171. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe determinants of trade, _p172. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe equilibrium without trade, _p172. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe world price and comparative advantage, _p173. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe winners and losers from trade, _p174. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe gains and losses of an exporting country, _p174. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe gains and losses of an importing country, _p175. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe effects of a tariff, _p177. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tImport quotas: another way to restrict trade, _p179. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe lessons for trade policy, _p179. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOther benefits of international trade, _p180. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThreats to free trade, _p181. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe arguments for restricting trade, _p182. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShould the winners from free-trade compensate the losers?, _p183. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe jobs argument, _p183. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe national-security argument, _p184. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSecond thoughts about free trade, _p184. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe infant-industry argument, _p185. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe unfair-competition argument, _p186. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe protection-as-a bargaining-chip argument, _p186. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTrade agreements and the world trade organization, _p187. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a9-4 conclusion, _p188. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p189. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p189. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p189. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p189. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p190. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThe economics of the public sector, _p193. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tExternalities, _p195. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tExternalities and market inefficiency, _p197. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWelfare economics a recap, _p197. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tNegative externalities, _p198. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPositive externalities, _p199. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe externalities of country living, _p200. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTechnology spilovers, industrial policy, and patent protection, _p201. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPublic policies toward externalities, _p202. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCommand-and-control policies regulation, _p202. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMarket-based policy 1: corrective taxes and subsidies, _p203. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy is gasoline taxed so heavily?, _p204. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMarket-based policy 2: tradable pollution premits, _p205. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tObjections to the economic analysis of pollution, _p207. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat should we do about climate change?, _p208. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrivate solutions to externalities, _p208. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe types of private solutions, _p208. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe coase theorem, _p209. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy private solutions do not always work, _p211. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a10-4 conclusion, _p211. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p212. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p212. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p212. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p213. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p213. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tPublic goods and common resources, _p215. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe different kinds of goods, _p216. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPublic goods, _p218. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe free-rider problem, _p218. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSome important public goods, _p218. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAre ligthouses public goods?, _p221. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe difficult job of cost-benefit analysis, _p221. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow much is a life worth?, _p222. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCommon resources, _p223. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe tragedy of the commons, _p223. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe case for toll roads, _p224. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSome important common resources, _p225. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the cow is not extinct, _p227. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a11-4 conclusion: the importance of friperty rights, _p228. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p228. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p229. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p229. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p229. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p229. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tFirm behavior and the organization of industry, _p233. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe costs of production, _p235. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat are costs?, _p236. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTotal revenue, total cost, and profit, _p236. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCosts as opportunity costs, _p236. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe costs of capital as an opportunity cost, _p237. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEconomic profit versus accounting profit, _p238. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProduction and costs, _p239. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe production function, _p239. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFrom the production function to the total-cost curve, _p241. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe various measures of cost, _p241. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFixed and variable costs, _p242. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAverage and marginal cost, _p243. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCost curves and their shapes, _p244. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTypical cost curves, _p246. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCosts in the short run and in the long-run, _p247. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe relationship between short-run and long-run average total cost, _p247. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEconomies and diseconomies of scale, _p248. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tLessons from a pin factory, _p249. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a12-5 conclusion, _p250. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p250. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p251. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p251. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p251. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p252. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tFirms in competitive markets, _p255. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat is a competitive market?, _p256. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe meaning of competition, _p256. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe revenue of a competitive firm, _p256. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProfit maximixation and the competitive firm's supply curve, _p258. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA simple example of profit maximization, _p258. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe marginal-cost curve and the firm's supply decision, _p259. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe firm's short-run decision to shut down, _p261. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSpilt milk and other sunk costs, _p262. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tNear-empty restaurants and off-season miniature golf, _p263. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe firm's long-run decision to exit or enter a market, _p264. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t2f measuring profit in our graph for the competive firm, _p264. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe supply curve in a competitive market, _p265. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe short run: market supply with a fixed number of firms, _p266. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe long run: market supply with entry and exit, _p266. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy do competitive firms stay in business if they make zero profit?, _p268. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA shift in demand in the short run and long run, _p269. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the long-run supply curve might slope upward, _p269. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a13-4 conclusion: behind the supply curve, _p271. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p272. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p272. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p272. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p272. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p273. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tMonopoly, _p275. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy monopolies arise, _p276. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMonopoly resoruces, _p277. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tGovernment-created monopolies, _p277. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tNatural monopolies, _p278. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow monopolies make production and pricing decisions, _p279. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMonopoly versus competition, _p279. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA monopoly's revenue, _p280. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProfit maximization, _p282. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA monopoly's profit, _p284. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy a monopoly does not have supply curve, _p284. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMonopoly drugs versus generic drugs, _p285. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe welfare cost of monopolies, _p286. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe deadweight loss, _p287. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe monopoly's profit: a social cost?, _p289. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrice discrimination, _p290. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA parable about pricing, _p290. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe moral of the story, _p291. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe analytics of price discrimination, _p291. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tExample of price discrimination, _p293. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPrice discrimination in higher education, _p294. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPublic policy toward monopolies, _p295. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tIncreasing competition with antirust laws, _p295. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tRegulation, _p295. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPublic ownership, _p297. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDoing nothing, _p297. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a14-6 conclusion: the prevalence of monopolies, _p298. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p299. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p299. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p299. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p300. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p300. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThe data of macroeconomics, _p305. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tMeasuring a nation's income, _p307. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe economy's income and expenditure, _p308. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe measurement of GDP, _p310. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t"GDP is the market value...", _p310. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t"...of all...", _p310. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t"...final...", _p311. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t"...goods and services...", _p311. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t"....produced...", _p311. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t"....within a country...", _p311. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_t"...in a given period of time...", _p311. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe components of GDP, _p312. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOther measures of income, _p313. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tConsumption, _p313. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tInvestment, _p313. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tGovernment pruchases, _p314. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tNet exports, _p314. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe components of U.S. GDP, _p315. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tReal versus nominal GDP, _p315. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe bea changes the definitions of investment and GDP, _p316. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA numerical example, _p316. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe GDP deflator, _p318. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tReal GDP over recent history, _p319. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tIs GDP a good measure of economic well-being?, _p320. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tInternational differences in GDP and the quality of life, _p321. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe underground economy, _p322. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMeasuring macroeconomic well-being, _p324. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a15-6 conclusion, _p324. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p326. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p326. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p326. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p326. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p327. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tMeasuring the cost of living, _p329. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe consumer price index, _p330. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow the CPI is calculated, _p330. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat is in the CPI's basket?, _p332. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProblems in measuring the cost of living, _p333. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMonitoring inflation in the internet age, _p334. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe GDP deflator versus the consumer price index, _p336. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tCorrecting economic variables for the effects of inflation, _p337. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDollar figures from different times, _p338. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tIndexation, _p338. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMr. Index goes to hollywood, _p339. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tReal and nominal interest rates, _p339. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tInterest rates in the U.S. economy, _p341. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a16-3 conclusion, _p342. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p342. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p343. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p343. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p343. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p343. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThe real economy in the long run, _p345. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tProduction and growth, _p347. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEconomic growth around the world, _p348. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProductivity: its role and determinants, _p350. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAre you richer than the richest American?, _p350. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy productivity is so important, _p351. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow productivity is determined, _p351. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA picture is worth a thousand statistics, _p352. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe production function, _p355. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAre natural resources a limit to growth?, _p356. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tEconomic growth and public policy, _p356. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSaving and investment, _p357. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDiminishing returns and the catch-up effect, _p357. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tInvestment from Abroad, _p359. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tEducation, _p360. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHealth and nutrition, _p360. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProperty rights and political stability, _p361. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDoes food aid help or hurt?, _p362. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFree trade, _p363. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tResearch and development, _p364. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPopulation growth, _p364. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOne economist's answer, _p366. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a17-4 conclusion: the important of long-run growth, _p368. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p369. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p369. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p369. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p369. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p370. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_aSaving, investment, and the financial system, _p371. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFinancial institutions in the U.S. economy, _p372. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFinancial markets, _p372. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFinancial intermediaters, _p374. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tKey numbers for stock watchers, _p375. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShould students sell equity in themselves, _p377. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSaving and investment in the national income accounts, _p378. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSome important identitiles, _p378. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe meaning of saving and investment, _p380. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe market for loanable funds, _p380. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tSupply and demand for loanable funds, _p381. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPolicy 1: saving incentives, _p382. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPolicy 2: investment incentives, _p384. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPolicy 3: government budget deficits and surpluses, _p385. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe history of U.S. government debt, _p387. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFinancial crises, _p389. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a18-4 conclusion, _p389. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p390. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p390. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p390. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p391. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and application, _p391. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThe basic tools of finance, _p393. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPresent value: measuring the time value of money, _p394. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe magic of compounding and the rule of 70, _p396. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tManaging risk, _p396. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tRisk aversion, _p396. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe markets for insurance, _p397. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDiversification of firm-specific risk, _p398. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe trade-off between risk and return, _p399. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAsset valuation, _p400. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFundamental analysis, _p401. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe efficient markets hypothesis, _p401. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tRandom walks and index funds, _p402. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMarket irrationality, _p403. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tIs the efficient markets hypothesis kaput?, _p404. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a19-4 conclusion, _p405. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p405. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p405. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p405. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p406. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p406. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tUnemployment, _p409. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tIdentifying unemployment, _p410. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow is unemployment measured?, _p410. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tLabor-force participation of men and women in the U.S. economy, _p413. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tDoes the unemployment rate measure what we want it to?, _p414. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow long are the unemployed without work?, _p416. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy are there always some people unemployed?, _p416. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe jobs number, _p417. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tJob search, _p417. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy some fictional unemployment is inevitable, _p418. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tPublic policy and job search, _p418. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tUnemployment insurance, _p419. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy has employment declined?, _p420. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMinimum-wage laws, _p420. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tUnions and collective bargaining, _p422. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWho earns the minimum wage?, _p423. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe econmics of unions, _p423. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAre unions good or bad for the economy?, _p424. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe theory of efficiency wages, _p425. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWorker health, _p425. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWorker turnover, _p426. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWorker quality, _p426. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWorker effort, _p427. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHenry Ford and the very generous $5-a day wage, _p427. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a20-6 conclusion, _p428. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p428. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p428. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p429. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p429. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p429. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tMoney and prices in the long run, _p431. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThe monetary system, _p433. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe meaning of money, _p434. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe functions of money, _p435. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe kinds of money, _p435. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy gold?, _p436. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMoney in the U.S. economy, _p437. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhere is all the currency?, _p439. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe federal reserve system, _p439. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe fed's organization, _p439. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe federal open market committee, _p440. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tBanks and the money supply, _p441. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe simple case of 100-percent-reserve banking, _p441. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMoney creation with fractional-reserve banking, _p442. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe money multiplier, _p443. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tBank capital, leverage, and the financial crisis of 2008-2009, _p444. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe fed's tools of monetary control, _p446. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow the fed influences the quantity of reserves, _p446. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow the fed influences the reserve ratio, _p447. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tProblems in controlling the money supply, _p448. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tBank runs and the money supply, _p449. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tBernanke on the Fed's toolbox, _p450. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe federal funds rate, _p452. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a21-5 Conclusion, _p453. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p453. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p453. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p454. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p454. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p454. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tMoney growth and inflation, _p457. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe classical theory of inflation, _p458. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe level of prices and the value of money, _p459. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMoney supply, money demand, and monetary equilibrium, _p459. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe effects of a monetary injection, _p461. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA brief look at the adjustment process, _p462. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe classical dichotomy and monetary neutrality, _p463. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tVelocity and the quantity equation, _p464. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMoney and prices during four hyperinflations, _p466. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe inflation tax, _p466. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe fisher effect, _p468. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHyperinflation in Zimbabwe, _p468. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe costs of inflation, _p470. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA fall in pruchasing power? the inflation fallacy, _p471. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tShoeleather costs, _p471. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMenu costs, _p472. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tRelative-price variability and the misallocation of resources, _p472. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tInflation-induced tax distortions, _p473. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tConfusion and inconvenience, _p474. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA special cost of unexpected inflation: arbitary redistributions of wealth, _p475. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tInflation is bad, but defilation may be worse, _p476. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe wizard of Oz and the free-silver debate, _p476. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a22-3 conclusion, _p478. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p478. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p478. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p479. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p479. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p479. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tShort-run economic fluctuations, _p481. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tAggregate demand and aggregate supply, _p483. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThree key facts about economic fluctuations, _p484. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFact 1: economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable, _p484. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFact 2: most macroeconmic quantaties fluctuate together, _p486. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tFact 3: as output falls, unemployment rises, _p486. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tExplaining short-run economic fluctations, _p486. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe assumptions of classical economics, _p486. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe reality of short-run influences of economic downturns, _p488. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe aggreagate-demand curve, _p490. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the aggregate-demand curve might shift, _p493. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe aggregate-supply curve, _p495. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the aggregate-supply curve is vertical in the long run, _p496. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the long-run aggregate-supply curve might shift, _p497. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tUsing aggregate demand and aggregate supply to depict long-run growth and inflation, _p498. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the aggregate-supply curve slopes upward in the short run, _p499. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the short-run aggregate-supply curve might shift, _p503. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTwo causes of economic fluctuations, _p504. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe effects of a shift in aggregate demand, _p505. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tMonetary neutrality revisited, _p507. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tTwo big shifts in aggregate demand: the great depression and world war II, _p508. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe recession of 2008-2009, _p509. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhat have we learned?, _p510. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe effects of a shift in aggregate supply, _p512. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOil and the economy, _p514. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe origins of the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, _p515. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a23-6 conclusion, _p516. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p516. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p517. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p517. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p518. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProbems and applications, _p518. |
| 970 | 1 | 2 |
_tThe influence of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate demand, _p521. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow monetary policy influences aggregate demand, _p522. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe theory of liqiudity preference, _p523. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve, _p525. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tInterest rates in the long run and the short run, _p526. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tChanges in the money supply, _p527. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe role of interest-rate targets in fed policy, _p529. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe zero lower bound, _p529. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tWhy the fed watches the stock market (and vice versa), _p530. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow fiscal policy influences aggregate demand, _p531. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tChanges in government purchases, _p531. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe multiplier effect, _p532. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tA formula for the spending multiplier, _p533. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tOther applications of the multiplier effect, _p534. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe crowding-out effect, _p534. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tChanges in taxes, _p535. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow fiscal policy might affect aggregate supply, _p536. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tUsing policy to stabilize the economy, _p536 |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe case for active stabilization policy, _p537. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tKeynesians in the white house, _p538. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tHow large is the fiscal policy multiplier?, _p538. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tThe case against active stabilization policy, _p540. |
| 970 | 1 | 1 |
_tAutomatic stabilizers, _p540. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_a24-4 conclusion, _p541. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aSummary, _p542. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aKey concepts, _p542. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuestions for review, _p542. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aQuick check multiple choice, _p543. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aProblems and applications, _p543. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aGlossayr, _p545. |
| 970 | 0 | 1 |
_aIndex, _p551. |
| 999 |
_c4623 _d4623 |
||
| 003 | KOHA | ||